Heart Rate (HR):
– Normal: 60–100 bpm
– Abnormal: <60 (bradycardia), >100 (tachycardia)
Blood Pressure (BP):
– Normal: <120/80 mmHg
– Elevated: 120–139/80–89 mmHg
– Hypertension: ≥140/90 mmHg
– Hypotension: <90/60 mmHg
Respiratory Rate (RR):
– Normal: 12–20 breaths/min
– Abnormal: <12 (bradypnea), >20 (tachypnea)
Oxygen Saturation (SpO₂):
– Normal: 95–100%
– Concerning: <94%
– Emergency: <90%
Temperature:
– Normal: 36.5–37.5 °C
– Fever or hypothermia may worsen cardiac stress
